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This volume provides an overview of recent research on the nature, causes, and consequences of cognitive consistency. In 21 chapters, leading scholars address the pivotal role of consistency principles at various levels of social information processing, ranging from micro-level to macro-level processes. The book's scope encompasses mental representation, processing fluency and motivational fit, implicit social cognition, thinking and reasoning, decision making and choice, and interpersonal processes. Key findings, emerging themes, and current directions in the field are explored, and important

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Artikels würdigt die Arbeiten von Daniel Kahneman und behandelt die Bedeutung der Verleihung des Nobelpreises für die Psychologie. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Stellenwert psychologischer Erkenntnis in den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften diskutiert. Gleichzeitig werden Positionen innerhalb der Psychologie kritisiert, welche die wissenschaftliche Anerkennung des Fachs durch eine stärkere Fragmentierung befördern wollen. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der Nobelpreis für eine eher sozialwissenschaftlich-kognitive Ausrichtung der Psychologie als Beleg dafür gesehen, dass ihre Anerkennung durch Nachbarwissenschaften nur im Rahmen der Eigenständigkeit im Spektrum zwischen Bio- und Sozialwissenschaften erreicht werden kann.

This volume brings together several authors from different areas of psychology and the neighbouring social sciences. Each one contributes their own perspective on the growing interest topic of subjective well-being. The aim of the volume is to present these divergent perspectives and to foster communication between the different areas. Split into three parts, this volume initially discusses the general perspectives of subjective well-being and addresses fundamental questions, secondly it discusses the dynamics of subjective well-being and more specific research issues to give a better understanding of the general phenomenon, and thirdly the book emphasizes the social context in which people experience and report their happiness and satisfaction. The book will be of great interest to social and clinical psychologists, students of psychology and sociology and health professionals.

The present study investigated how aggressive reactions to frustration are influenced by attributional processes. In particular, we examined how the information that another person did not intend a frustration affects anger and aggression. Previous research was inconclusive if attribution to unintentionality decreases anger and aggressive impulses or if it increases the control of aggressive impulses resulting in a selective decrease of aggressive reactions that are controllable. To test these assumptions, two thirds of participants were frustrated by negative evaluations that were paired with aversive sounds from an ostensible team partner. The remaining participants received positive evaluations that were paired with pleasant sounds. Then, half of the frustrated participants obtained a message suggesting that their partner had confused the response scale and had actually meant to deliver an opposite evaluation. This apologizing information was effective in decreasing subsequent aggressive behavior but not in reducing anger as assessed by an implicit measure. This finding is in line with the notion that attribution to unintentionality leads to control of aggressive impulses. We conclude that such attributions influence aggressive behavior mainly via reflective pathways, while impulsive processes remain largely unaffected.

When one specific question precedes a general question & the two are not assigned to the same conversational context, respondents (Rs) use the information primed by the specific question to form the general judgment. This results in part-whole assimilation effects. If both questions are perceived as belonging together, however, conversational norms of nonredundancy prohibit the repeated use of information that has already been provided in response to the specific question when making the general judgment. Accordingly, Rs interpret the general question to refer to aspects other than the ones covered by the specific question. Contrast effects may emerge in that case under specified conditions. If several specific questions precede the general question, however, the general one is always interpreted as a request for a summary judgment, resulting in assimilation effects even under conditions that foster contrast effects if only one specific question is asked. The model, supported by experimental data, provides a coherent account of apparently contradictory findings previously reported in the survey literature. 3 Tables, 1 Appendix, 22 References. AA

In dem Beitrag werden einige Ergebnisse aus dem ZUMA-Forschungsschwerpunkt 'Kognition und Umfrageforschung' zum Thema 'Theorie der Befragung' vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um Ergebnisse zu Einflußfaktoren des Antwortverhaltens von Befragten. Im einzelnen wird der Einfluß von vorausgegangenen Fragen auf die Beantwortung nachfolgender Fragen, der Einfluß von Antwortvorgaben auf Verhaltensberichte und nachfolgende Urteile sowie die Verwendung von Filterfragen zur Erfassung von Meinungslosigkeit anhand empirischer Beispiele vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, daß eine Theorie der Befragung die Erinnerungs- und Urteilsprozesse der Befragten an zentraler Stelle berücksichtigen muß. Deshalb werden von der beginnenden Kooperation zwischen Sozialpsychologen und Umfrageforschern wesentliche theoretische und empirische Beiträge zur Erhebung quantitativer Umfragedaten erwartet. (KO)

Das Interesse an den neuen Werten jeder Jugend ist vor allem das Interesse der Erwachsenen; ob es auch die Angst vor dem jeweils Neuen ist, das sich möglicher Kontrolle entzieht, ist bisher noch kaum untersucht worden. In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, Bezüge zwischen Kognition und Einstellung im politischen Bereich dadurch herzustellen, daß das Protestpotential, die Parteiensympathie und eine Rechts-Links-Einstufung zum materialistischen bzw. postmaterialistischen Wertetypus in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Die Autoren kommen u. a. zu dem Ergebnis, daß Postmaterialisten, deren Aufmerksamkeit auf postmaterialistische Werte gelenkt wurde, sich in der Tat als linker einstufen als Postmaterialisten, deren Aufmerksamkeit auf materialistische Werte gelenkt wurde. (GF)

How do people think about the world? How do individuals make sense of their complex social environment? What are the underlying mechanisms that determine our understanding of the social world? Social cognition - the study of the specific cognitive processes that are involved when we think about the social world - attempts to answer these questions. Social cognition is an increasingly important and influential area of social psychology, impacting on areas such as attitude change and person perception. This introductory textbook provides the student with comprehensive coverage of the core topics